2.1.4 Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

Importers will need to declare each year the quantity of goods imported into the EU in the preceding year and their embedded GHG. They will then surrender the corresponding number of CBAM certificates.

French carbon tax

The Law on Energy Transition to Green Growth set a trajectory for the tax rate to gradually increase until 2030, up to the rate of 100 €/tCO2e.

Japanese carbon tax

Tax base is the amount of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use (covering 70% of Japan’s GHG emissions), with some exemptions for agriculture, public transportation, petrochemical industries, and coal-fired power plants in Okinawa.

Iceland carbon tax

Tax was extended indefinitely in 2012 with extended coverage, and indexing of the tax rate to 100% of the EU ETS price.

Irish carbon tax

A carbon tax on all residential and commercial use of gas and oil not covered by the EU ETS.

Switzerland carbon tax

Introduced a CO2 levy under the Federal Act on the Reduction of CO2 Emissions covering heating and process fuels as part of a comprehensive climate policy package to decrease the use of fossil fuels.

Chilean Carbon tax

Targets plants with boilers and turbines whose emission sources sum 50MW or more of nominal thermal power generation.

Swedish Carbon Tax

Introduced in 1991, and has gradually been increased to $140 US/tCO2e in 2018, the highest level in the world.

Swiss Emissions Trading System

Applies to industrial entities, largely comprising companies from the cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, paper, refinery, or steel sectors. It now covers about 11% of the country’s total GHG emissions.