In 2013, a small fleet at the Los Angeles Air Force Base was the testbed for a successful vehicle-to-grid services pilot. The vehicles provided services over five minute intervals to balance energy supply and demand. The pilot was the subject of a case study by Lawrence Berkeley National Labs. From 2015 to 2017, the pilot was expanded. Southern California Edison’s 2017 report summarizes the expanded pilot, which found that the Base could make revenue on ancillary services markets with the dispatchable fleet of EV batteries, but lost money overall due to CAISO fees.