Franklin Energy conducted a literature review and interviews across eight utilities, five consultants, and three research organizations to probe the efficacy of customer behavior programs. The programs analyzed crossed three categories: 1) In-home devices and displays providing real-time feedback, 2) Customized, regular feedback delivered to customers, and 3) Dynamic pricing and rate design programs. Their results were intended to inform Minnesota pilot projects. In 2015, the Minnesota Department of Commerce issued another research study on energy efficiency behavioral programs, conducting a literature review, benchmarking analysis, and issuing evaluation guidelines.