This 2020 report from the Brookings Institute outlines the technical challenges to decarbonizing heavy duty transport, including aviation and shipping. The report notes the differences between the relatively small challenges posed by vehicles that travel set routes, like urban buses, versus long-distance trucking, which may require rural electrical upgrades. It notes the similarities between aviation and maritime shipping in terms of fuel demands, and the importance of developing low-carbon fuels in both sectors, like biomass-derived jet fuel, bio- and waste-based fuels.